Good camps, bad camps. What’s wrong with the ‘Jungle’?

Calais Jungle, January 2016. Flickr/MalachyBrowne. Some rights reserved.It was an undignified
sight. On March 1 this year, hundreds of French police officers in
riot gear and private contractors in orange vests streamed into the irregular
refugee settlement outside Calais, also known as the “Jungle”, to demolish
large numbers of makeshift housing structures and evict hundreds of
inhabitants.

At the end
of the day, smoke rose from the camp as some shelters accidently caught fire from the heat of tear gas canisters
fired by the police, while others were set ablaze by refugees themselves as an
act of defiance against the authorities’ intrusion.

But this premeditated
demolition, which began after the prefecture of Calais had finally won a court
battle on whether the unauthorised settlement was to be removed or not, is just
the latest episode in an ongoing struggle of refugees, asylum-seekers, and
other migrants for human dignity, safety, opportunity, and the right to choose their
preferred place of residency – for many in Calais, that place is the United
Kingdom.

Since 2002,
several unapproved camps have sprouted near the port of Calais and time and
again have been closed down, ‘evacuated’, and removed. Each time, the expelled
residents regrouped and reorganised by building the next camp, the newest of
which is located on an old landfill site. For many of the camp’s residents, facing
the recurrent threat of forcible removals, and bearing the ensuing displacement
from their provisional homes, brings back memories of those countries of origin
from which they originally escaped under the duress of conflict, oppression, or
economic precariousness.

On a macro
scale, the orchestrated and officially-sanctioned destruction of the Calais camp
in the past few weeks has again confirmed a long-held premonition: there are
two kinds of refugee camps – “good camps” and “bad camps”. Good camps are those
settlements in which refugees are being managed, spatially organised,
categorised, and where they receive assistance under the oversight of international
NGOs, the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR), and host governments. These
institutionalised camps on Europe’s doorstep are a way of keeping marginalised
and displaced populations quite literally ‘in their place’. The French
anthropologist Michel Agier has poignantly referred to this as the global
governmental technique of “managing the undesirables”.

At the same time, the British government under David Cameron refuses to
grant refugees adequate protection by barring them from entering the UK asylum
system and reducing legal channels for immigration. According to the British Refugee
Council, the UK government rejected
61% of asylum applications and granted refugee status to only 2,381 individuals
in the last quarter of 2015.

Instead, the UK government champions rather dubious plans to support Syria’s
neighbouring countries in sustaining growing numbers of refugees in humanitarian
encampment. Yet, countries like Jordan, Turkey, and Lebanon are already struggling
to deal with immense numbers of Syrian refugees. A much-quoted statistic says
that every fourth person in Lebanon is now a refugee. Not to mention that African
countries like Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania have hosted hundreds of
thousands of displaced people in refugee camps for decades.

It is therefore true that regional governments need more assistance to
cope with the financial and logistical constraints that the refugee influx has
placed on the national infrastructure and state budgets. However, Europe’s
current ‘hands-off’ policy, which promotes the proliferation of refugee
encampment ‘over there’ while seeking to outsource its international legal
obligations, is not just undesirable, but also shameful. The EU’s recent deal with Turkey on the return of refugees from Greece is a disastrous example.

Controlling the global borderlands

The British scholar Mark Duffield rightfully debunked these manoeuvres
as neoliberal strategies of western governments to control the “global borderlands” (2001). Unwanted populations are contained and immobilised far away
from European metropolitan societies, but are kept in-check by an
institutionalised landscape of camps. It is these “good” top-down refugee camps
that restrict the free movement of those who are confined to them and garner
praise from politicians and national governments for making greater mobility
and human rights a distant mirage.

In official UN speak, this same logic resurfaces in the concept of increased
“resilience”. In response to the Syria crisis, the United National Development
Program (UNDP) proposed a Regional Refugee and Resilience Plan (3RP) that “effectively harnesses the capacities, knowledge,
and resources of humanitarian and development partners to create a durable and
multi-faceted resilience-based response to the Syria crisis.” In other words,
it discourages people from migrating to neighbouring countries and, eventually,
to Europe. Under the guise of an innovative strategy to tackle the Syrian
crisis, the 3RP programme promises to invest billions of dollars in community
resilience schemes in Syria and regional partner countries like Turkey, Jordan,
Lebanon, Egypt, and Iraq. In its Strategic Overview (2016-2017), the UNDP stipulates that “after large investments in
establishing camp infrastructure in Jordan and Iraq in recent years, the
Shelter Sector is appealing for a reduced amount in 2016 as it moves towards a
maintenance phase in camps” (UNDP 2016, 7).

It is indisputable that vast numbers of
people depend on immediate humanitarian assistance like food provisions and
shelter, even in volatile areas where access is limited and dangerous. But, to
suggest that such resilience programmes in the region aim at more than erecting
a thinly-veiled humanitarian buffer zone is to ignore the devastating repercussions
mass immobilisation might entail. Promoting encampment as a ready solution for
displacement is at best ‘tilting against windmills’.

The UNDP’s 3RP programme relies on a network of “good” refugee camps on
Europe’s outer fringes, whereas irregular settlements like the Calais or
Dunkirk ‘Jungles’ in the heart of the continent are commonly discarded as the “wrong”
kind of camps. While good camps are seen as disciplined spaces where a
benevolent humanitarian regime is at home, the semiotics of the ‘Jungle’ convey
a contrary message.

A recent article in The Independent argued that “the Jungle
is not a refugee camp. It is a camp full of refugees and the distinction is
important”. Europe’s most notorious “bad” camps in Calais and Idomeni are
places that seem to defy the neat ordering mechanisms normally put in place by
the powerful. Here, a policy of containment remains unsuccessful, because
everyday actions of ordinary people – refugees or not – can throw a wrench in
the works of inhumane institutions.

Their unique mix of refugees, asylum-seekers, and undocumented migrants
are thus branded as troublesome and insubordinate. In usual Orientalist fashion,
the ‘Jungle’ has come to symbolise the negative mirror image of a refugee camp,
its ‘Other’ in which power and civilisation are twisted and virtually turned
upside down.

Far from romanticising the harsh and squalid conditions on the
outskirts of Calais or in Greece’s Idomeni camp, and considering the incidents of (sexual) violence and victimisation which many residents have experienced, these camps’
existence is paradoxically both a human tragedy and a sign for unabated
resistance to injustice. This fateful double-meaning of the ‘Jungle’ best exemplifies
the moral bankruptcy of Europe’s refugee and migration policies.  The “good” and “bad” camps of our time remind
us that this must change.