Natural borders, beware a dangerous idea

Norwegian scientist and diplomat Fridtjof Nansen, "made it happen." Wikicommons/Henri Van der Weyde. Some rights reserved.I was wading the beaches of
Thessaloniki when news reached me of the centennial of the Sykes-Picot
Agreement. This is the contentious British-French compromise from 1916 over
spheres for influence in the Middle East that imposed new borders in the power
vacuum left by the defeated and disintegrated Ottoman Empire. Increasingly,
analysts can be heard claiming this a root cause of current conflicts and state
failures. They hold the borders of Syria and Iraq that the Sykes-Picot
Agreement created were “unnatural”. Therefore, in their view, the post-conflict
political order must redraw borders to become more “natural”.  The
implication of “natural” borders is that they should contain a monolithic group
identity.

There, on the beaches of
Thessaloniki, it struck me how very dangerous the thought of “natural” borders
is. It certainly turned very dangerous right there in Thessaloniki, in the
years after the Sykes-Picot Agreement.  In Greece and Turkey, it was also
thought that the new political order imposed in 1923 following the breakdown of
the Ottoman Empire should be “natural”. 

Greeks and Turks in the ‘wrong’ place

Unfortunately, according to their
novel idea of the state as a “nation”, the Greeks in Turkey and the Turks in
Greece were in the wrong place. In Thessaloniki,  Turks were forced to move to make room for
the Greeks that had to leave Turkey. What was intended to be the democratic
principle of national self-determination that rose of out of the ruins of the
defeated empires in World War I, turned to forced
ethnic removal on a vast scale: an estimated 1.5
million Greeks from Turkey and 500.000 Turks from Greece. Force made these
nation states “natural”.

How democratic and humanistic principles led to abuse

What is very scary about this abuse,
indeed crime by our standards, is that the League of Nations authorized it and the
Norwegian polar explorer and national hero turned-international diplomat,
Fridtjov Nansen made it happen. The idea of national self-determination that
his fellow Norwegians, with his help, invoked successfully to break away from
Sweden in 1905 turned upon its humanistic and democratic principles. When
Turkey and Greece needed to reinvent their societies as “natural”, Nansen
corrupted these humanistic and democratic principles, much as Kofi Annan’s idea
of humanitarian intervention turned upon
itself and was corrupted in the violent and destructive western military
interventions in Afghanistan, Iraq and Libya.

Ominous analogies for Syria and Iraq

Echoes of this Turkish-Greek forced
ethnic cleansing in 1923 in the current war in Syria and Iraq are ominous. More
and more well-intentioned people in the west subscribe to the idea that the
borders in post-conflict Syria and Iraq must become more “natural” because of
the democratic principle of national self-determination. These people have
forgotten not only the Greek-Turkish analogy, but also the recent genocidal
ethnic cleansing in ex-Yugoslavia. Without abuse of force, even mass violence,
the idea that a new state must have a monolithic group identity is hardly
feasible in an area where religious and ethnic group identities are mixed, as
they are in Syria and Iraq.  

The democratic and humanistic idea
of national self-determination will turn upon itself and become dangerous to
minorities. Amnesty has
already reported of cases where Kurds remove Arabs from territory they control.

Indigenous secular transnational visions

As an alternative to the idea of
“natural” borders for monolithic group identities, we could evoke the secular
transnational visions behind such vintage indigenous movements as the Ba’ath
parties that held power in Syria and Iraq for decades. The Ba’ath
party was founded by a Moslem and a Christian. These ideas could conceivably
evolve into a sustainable modern political identity, much like communism in
Vietnam. The problem with the brutal dictatorships of Assad in Syria and Saddam
Hussein in Iraq may not be their Ba’athism, but that the leaders corrupted its
visions.

States must protect minorities and allow regional cooperation

Whatever borders follow the ongoing
violence and war, they must under no circumstances be “natural”.  Borders
must be stable to allow for effective state control of territory to protect
minorities, but at the same time permeable to allow for the emergence of
regional political and economic cooperation.